The large intestine is responsible for absorbing food and water and storing waste, while the rectum is responsible for expelling waste from the body. Cancer that begins in the large intestine is called colon cancer. This cancer occurs when abnormal growths of tissue called polyps form in the lining of the colon or rectum. These polyps are usually benign; however, some can develop into malignant tumors, leading to colon cancer. It is one of the most common cancers that affects both men and women. Read on to learn about the different causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and prevention methods of colon cancer.

How does colon cancer develop?

While research into the exact causes of colon cancer is still ongoing, a common factor is the presence of polyps or tumors in the colon. In addition to this abnormal growth, the following factors can also lead to an increased risk of developing colon cancer.

• In some people, a family history of colon polyps and colon disease can lead to the development of colon cancer.
• Inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis can lead to colon cancer.
• Some people with genetic syndromes that are passed down from generation to generation are at risk of developing colon cancer. Examples of such genetic syndromes include familial adenomatous polyposis and non-polyposis colon cancer, also known as Lynch syndrome.
• People with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance are at risk for colon cancer.
• Certain lifestyle choices, such as unhealthy diet, smoking, heavy drinking, and lack of physical activity, can increase the risk of colon cancer.
• Although colon cancer can occur in young people, it is usually diagnosed in people over the age of 50, making old age one of the risks of colon cancer.

What are the warning signs of colon cancer?

• Rectal bleeding is one of the serious warning signs of colon cancer and should not be ignored.
• Other warning signs of colon cancer include changes in daily bowel movements, including diarrhea, constipation, or loose stools.
• Abdominal cramps or abdominal pain can indicate a variety of diseases or disorders. However, if they occur along with other warning signs and symptoms, medical attention should be sought and a diagnosis considered.
• Other common symptoms of colon cancer include anemia, shortness of breath, and bloating.

How is colon cancer diagnosed?

• Blood tests – Doctors perform several blood tests to better understand the cause of a patient's symptoms. Since there are no blood tests that can specifically detect colon cancer, other tests, such as liver function tests and a complete blood count, are done to rule out other diseases and conditions.
• Colonoscopy – During a colonoscopy, a doctor uses a long tube with a camera attached to it to examine the inside of the colon and rectum. The procedure allows the doctor to remove tissue from areas that appear abnormal. The tissue sample is then analyzed in a laboratory to confirm colon cancer.
• Barium enema– This procedure involves filling the colon and rectum with barium using a catheter inserted into the anus. X-rays are then used to create an image of the colon. The barium coating of the colon helps X-rays provide clear images of the colon, helping doctors detect abnormal tissue growths.
• CT scan– Doctors do a CT scan, which provides detailed pictures of the colon.

How can colon cancer be prevented?

• Screening– People who may be at risk for colon cancer should be screened, especially after age 45, to detect cancer early.
• Healthy diet– A low-fat, high-fiber diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables can help keep you healthy.
• Healthy lifestyle– Regular exercise can help prevent many diseases, including colon cancer. People, especially those who may be at risk for colon cancer, should avoid smoking and drinking alcohol to prevent the development of this cancer.