HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus, is a chronic and incurable condition that targets the body’s immune defenses by attacking and destroying T cells—critical components of the immune system. Once contracted, the virus remains in the body for life, continuously replicating within healthy cells and eventually causing their death. As these infected cells fail to perform their protective functions, the immune system weakens significantly, leaving the body vulnerable to infections and illnesses.

HIV is a highly transmissible virus that can be passed from one person to another through various means, including sexual contact, mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy or breastfeeding, and exposure to contaminated blood, such as through shared needles or unscreened blood transfusions. The virus spreads through bodily fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal secretions, rectal fluids, and breast milk. Transmission occurs when these fluids come into contact with mucous membranes, open wounds, or are directly introduced into the bloodstream—such as through needle sharing.

Without early diagnosis and proper medical treatment, HIV can advance to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), the most severe and life-threatening stage of the infection. The initial symptoms of HIV typically emerge within two to eight weeks after exposure and may include:

• Persistent fatigue

• Muscle and joint pain

• Frequent headaches

• Sore throat and swollen lymph nodes

• Recurring fever and night sweats

• Skin rashes or unusual lesions

• Chronic diarrhea

• Oral thrush (yeast infection in the mouth)

• Genital sores or ulcers

While many HIV symptoms are common in both men and women, women may experience additional signs related to reproductive health. These can include:

• Irregular menstrual cycles (lighter, heavier, or missed periods)

• Persistent pelvic or abdominal pain

• Abnormal vaginal discharge

• Recurrent vaginal yeast infections

• Discomfort or pain during urination or intercourse

After the initial symptoms subside, HIV can enter a clinically latent phase where the virus continues to replicate silently, gradually weakening the immune system without causing noticeable symptoms. Some individuals may remain asymptomatic for years, making early detection through blood testing crucial. Since HIV can go undetected for long periods, regular screening is the most reliable way to confirm infection and initiate life-saving treatment before the disease progresses to AIDS.

If you suspect exposure to HIV or experience any of these symptoms, seeking immediate medical testing and counseling is essential for early intervention and better health outcomes.